How Solar PV Works & Benefits Your Home January 03, 2025 Solar PV technology has revolutionised the way homeowners harness energy, offering a sustainable and cost-effective solution to rising electricity costs. Understanding how solar photovoltaic systems work is crucial for homeowners considering this renewable energy option. From reduced utility bills to increased property values, solar PV systems offer significant financial advantages. Moreover, their environmental impact cannot be overstated, contributing to reduced greenhouse gas emissions and improved air quality. How Solar PV Works Solar photovoltaic (PV) technology harnesses the sun's energy to generate electricity through a process called the photovoltaic effect. At the heart of this technology are PV cells, typically made from silicon, which absorb photons from sunlight. When photons strike the cell, they excite electrons within the silicon atoms, causing them to break free and create an electric current. Solar panels, composed of multiple PV cells, are strategically mounted to maximise sunlight exposure. Optimal orientation is crucial, with south-facing installations in the Northern Hemisphere generally yielding the best results. The angle of inclination is equally important, typically matching the latitude of the installation site for year-round efficiency. System Components A complete solar PV system comprises several key components: 1. Solar panels and arrays: These are the primary collectors of solar energy. Multiple panels are often connected to form an array, increasing the system's overall power output. 2. Mounting systems: Robust rails and brackets secure the panels to rooftops or ground-based structures. These systems must withstand various weather conditions while maintaining the optimal angle for sunlight capture. 3. Inverters: These devices convert the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) suitable for household use and grid integration. Modern systems may use microinverters attached to individual panels or string inverters for groups of panels. 4. Wiring and electrical connections: High-quality, weather-resistant cabling connects the system components, ensuring efficient power transfer and system longevity. Grid Connection and Battery Storage Most residential solar PV systems are grid-connected, allowing for bidirectional power flow. When the system produces excess electricity, it can be exported to the grid through net metering arrangements. This process credits homeowners for their contribution, effectively running the meter backwards. Battery storage systems are increasingly popular additions to solar PV installations. These units store excess energy produced during peak sunlight hours for use during low-production periods or power outages. Modern lithium-ion batteries offer high efficiency and long lifespans, enhancing the overall value and resilience of solar PV systems. Financial Benefits of Solar PV One of the most immediate and tangible benefits of solar PV is the reduction in electricity bills. By generating their own power, homeowners can significantly decrease reliance on grid electricity. The extent of savings varies based on system size, energy consumption patterns, and local electricity rates. However, many UK households report annual savings between £800 and £1,200 on their energy bills. Net metering arrangements further amplify these savings. During periods of high production and low consumption, excess electricity is fed back into the grid, earning credits that offset future energy costs. Return on Investment (ROI) While the initial outlay for a solar PV system can be substantial, the long-term financial benefits are compelling. Most UK homeowners see a return on their investment within 7-10 years, after which the system effectively provides free electricity for its remaining lifespan. Increased Home Value Solar PV installations can substantially increase property values. Studies indicate that homes with solar panels sell faster and at a premium compared to non-solar properties. The exact value increase varies but can range from 3% to 4% in the UK market. Environmental Benefits of Solar PV Solar PV systems significantly reduce carbon footprints by replacing fossil fuel-generated electricity. A typical UK residential solar installation can offset approximately 1.3 to 1.6 tonnes of carbon dioxide annually, equivalent to planting 30-40 trees each year. Compared to coal-fired power plants, which emit about 1,000g of CO2 per kilowatt-hour, and natural gas plants emitting around 500g/kWh, solar PV's lifecycle emissions are a mere 40g/kWh. Air Quality Improvement By reducing reliance on fossil fuel combustion, solar PV contributes to improved air quality. This reduction in pollutants like sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particulate matter has tangible health benefits, particularly in urban areas prone to smog and respiratory issues. Sustainable Energy Source Solar PV plays a crucial role in meeting local, national, and global emissions targets. The UK's commitment to net-zero emissions by 2050 relies heavily on the widespread adoption of renewable energy sources, with solar power being a key component of this strategy. Energy Independence Solar PV systems equipped with battery storage offer a reliable power source during grid outages. This capability is increasingly valuable as extreme weather events and grid instabilities become more frequent. Modern battery systems can power essential household loads for several hours or even days, depending on their capacity and energy management. Optimisation with Other Power Sources Solar PV systems can be integrated with other power sources for enhanced reliability and efficiency. Hybrid systems combining solar with wind turbines or backup generators offer increased energy security and optimisation. Smart energy management systems can prioritise solar power usage, seamlessly switching between sources to maximise efficiency and minimise costs. FAQs How do solar panels generate electricity? Solar panels generate electricity by converting sunlight into DC power using PV cells, which is then converted to AC power by an inverter. What are the financial benefits of installing solar PV? Homeowners can save on utility bills, increase their property value, and benefit from long-term cost savings and various financing options. How environmentally friendly is solar PV? Solar PV is highly environmentally friendly as it reduces greenhouse gas emissions, improves air quality, and aids in water conservation efforts. Can solar PV provide power during grid outages? Yes, with battery storage, solar PV systems can provide backup power during grid outages and even enable off-grid operation. How long does a solar PV system last? Solar PV systems can last 25-40 years with minimal maintenance required. Contact Us For skilled solar PV installation services, get in touch with Clean Heat Solutions. Our professional and fully qualified heating engineers are available throughout West Sussex, Hampshire, Portsmouth, and Southampton.